Case Study 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case Study 4 - Essay Example Our objective will be to optimize the application of our dataset toward more effective CRM. The set includes both audio-visual information and electronic-data information. To focus efforts and avoid legal ethical questions, we will concentrate of the electronic-data portion. This mainly includes information gathered from telecommunications and membership cards transactions. The end product would include a GUI expressing the current trends in customer behavior and accepting inputs that translate into operational measures and investigate correlations to help optimize our influence over buyer behavior. The reasons for not using all of the available data is two-fold -- one is ethical, the other operational. The operational reason is work flow related. To avoid scope creep, we limit our focus on each component of any project. The ethical reason is about questions of personal privacy in a public way. While applying numerical data is more objective because any identifying information may be stripped from the dataset during data analysis. However, it may not be outside the scope of an expanded version of this process to apply some of the audio-visual

Marriage and Family Therapy Essay Example for Free

Marriage and Family Therapy Essay This paper will also evaluate five major themes relevant to Marriage and Family Therapy which include: ethical dilemmas in marriage and family counseling, premarital counseling qualifications of marriage and family therapists including licensure and certification. The biblical insight related to marriage and family therapy will also be explored as well as my personal reflections about this topic. History and Development of Marriage Counseling Marriage counseling was established in the early 1930s. Counselors recognized the advantages and effectiveness of treating married couples in joined sessions. This growing appreciation for patterns of relationships in families led to numerous studies on marital conflict and dynamics and the effects on childrens development. In 1932, there were three marital clinics said to open. They worked with individuals and their difficulties adhering to traditional gender role expectations. Developed and founded in the late 1970’s was the Marriage and Family Therapy’s code of ethics which is called The American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT). The organizations philosophy was that marriage and family therapy were two separate areas, each with their own histories, concepts and differing practices. (AAMFT, 2012) Introduction of Marriage and Family Counseling Counseling is to help persons understand and clarify their views of their life space, and to learn to reach their self-determined goals through meaningful, well-informed choices and through resolution or problems of an emotional or interpersonal nature. (Burks and Steffire, 1979 . Focusing on a broader field in counseling, What is Marriage and Family Counseling? Marriage and family counselors work with couples and families on a wide range of clinical problems including, but not limited to, depression, marital strife, communication, and anxiety and child-parent problems. Marriage and family counseling is not just for unhappy or struggling couples, couple’s therapy can be used proactively to strengthen bonds and to gain a better understanding of one other. In addition, before a marriage begins pre-marital counseling can help couples achieve a deeper understanding of each other and iron out differences before their wedding day. They also help families learn to solve their problems by managing their relationships effectively. Family therapists often work with individuals, the couple and parents and children to get a better perspective of patterns that affect the entire system to develop strategies for modification. (Corey, Corey ;amp; Callanan p. 450 2011). Family Counseling is important to the counseling field this therapy can help people within the family to resolve their disputes and quarrels through effective communication. Proper communication with the help of a therapist or a counselor can help family members discuss their problems and issues with each other. The importance of the family in our development as whole and healthy individuals is recognized as a basic truth by. In most cases, however, a disturbed and distressed client will have some difficult, challenging relationships within his/her family and these will need to be explored and addressed if the client is to discover and create relief and resolution of their problem. Biblical Insights related to Marriage and Family Therapy In the book, Competent Christian Counseling it states that â€Å"To understand the individual, the one must see the individual in the context of his or her system of relationships† This implies that the quality of a individual is much more than one person, the person is a part of a social system that begins with family. (Clinton ;amp; Ohlsclager p. 518 2002). From a biblical aspect Family is described as a social system that progressed by forming a set of rules, roles, power structure. Forms of communication and way to solve problems. There are four key principles that a Christian counselors point out when approaching any family. The first one is â€Å"The family, in is social dimensions, reflects God†. Meaning that The Father, Son and Holy Spirit all have unique distinctiveness however they are â€Å"one† as God; this is compared to the Family. A family can consist of a mother, father and children or a mother and husband. If thought they are their own persons, they are considered â€Å"one†. The second key principle that is describe is â€Å"Family health, individual health, and maturity are inseparably entwined†. This key principle entails that the powers of family identity and socialization is significant for growth and development among each family member, which can ultimately lead to healthy family living. â€Å"The Family is also like the church is that next basic principle, meaning that a family has functions like the church. Finally, the last key principle describes states that â€Å"Trouble is reproduced, but can also be stopped, in families and in generations of families†. This key principle indicates that there is a psychosocial and spiritual relation among family reproduction pertaining to alcoholism and other issues as describes in Competent Christian Counseling as â€Å"generational curses†. Christians believe that these issues within families from generation to generation can be transformed through Christ. A example is that of Abraham found in Genesis 20. Abrahams family was said to show favoritism to certain children, which continued for three generations. When it comes to marriage counseling, Christian counselors believe marriage counseling helps couples to understand God’s pattern for husband-wife relationships, diagnoses unbiblical patterns and their root causes, and prescribes God’s solutions for soul change that leads to relational growth. Biblical marriage counseling should result in enhanced relationship: closeness with Christ, intimacy with your spouse, and a sense of greater peace. Biblical insights involving to family counseling, the focus is solutions, not simply external solutions. Your counselor will help you to understand God’s design for healthy family living, will assist you to assess unhealthy and unbiblical ways of relating as parents and children, and will equip you to reconcile and grow in your family relationships. Counselor Identity, Functions and Ethics of Marriage and Family Counseling The practice of Marriage and Family counseling rest on the foundation of systems theory, which views psychological problems as arising from within the person’s present environment and intergenerational family system. Corey, Corey, Callanan p. 449 2011). The systems theory is very similar to the views on Christian Counselors as stated earlier; â€Å"Trouble is reproduced, but can also be stopped, in families and in generations of families†. Marriage and Family therapists follow a specific code of ethics know as The American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT). Founded in 1942 as the American Association of Marriage Counselors, the A AMFT has been involved with the problems, needs and changing patterns of couples and family relationships. The association focuses on increasing understanding, research and education in the field of marriage and family therapy, and ensuring the quality training of marriage and family therapists. AAMFT members meet standards for education and training and are held to the ethical standards of the profession. (AAMFT, 2011) AAMFT ethics are broken down in eight core areas. The first area is the responsibility to Clients. Marriage and family therapist have a responsibility to the welfare of both the family and individuals in the family. Therapists are to make reasonable efforts to guarantee their services are used properly and accordingly. Confidentiality is the next core area, which applies to all code of ethics pertaining to the counseling field. Confidentially in Marriage and Family is distinctive because the therapist is dealing with a group of people. However, the AAMFT insist on therapists to respect the confidentiality of each individual client. Although, confidentiality is essential, there are some exceptions. Those exceptions include, mandates by the law pertaining to cases of child and elderly abuse, incest, or abuse to persons with disabilities. A therapist has an exemption from confidentially when it is necessary to protect clients from hurting themselves and others (AAMFT, 2011). When working with a family, all family members must agree concerning the release of any information. Some therapists, in fact, arrange for sessions with individual family members to actively encourage the sharing of secrets to better understand what is occurring in the family. The therapist then may work with the individual client in the hope of enabling that person to disclose the same information in the family session. Marriage and family therapists are to maintain high standards if professional competence and integrity. Therapists must remain current on any developments and advances relevant to their field of practice. They can do this by continuing education, training, workshops and interacting with other professionals in the marriage and family therapy field. (Corey, Corey ;amp; Callanan p. 452 2011). Therapists also have a responsibility to students and supervisees. They are not to manipulate the trust and dependency of the students and supervisees in which there are working with. Responsibility to the profession is the next core is in the AAMFT code of ethics. This includes reporting people practicing without a license and contributing to community service for advancement of the society. The next core area is financial arrangements. Marriage and family therapists are not to misuse clients financially for services. Issues and Ethics in the Helping Professions states that clients are to be â€Å"truthful in representing facts to clients and to third parties regarding any services rendered†. The last core area in the ethical standards of Marriage and family therapy is advertising. Therapists are able to truthfully represent their competence, education, training and experience in marriage and family therapy. Nevertheless, they should not advertise themselves as specialists with show evidence and supporting this assertion. The therapists primary responsibilities are to protect the rights and to promote the welfare of his or her clients. The dilemma with multiple clients is that in some situations an intervention that serves one persons best interests may be conflicting to another. Indeed, the very reason that families tend to seek therapy is because they have conflicting goals and interests. The family therapist must insure that improvement in the status of one family member does not Occur at the expense of another family member. Other therapists implement the policy of not keeping secrets from other family members. They clearly discourage the sharing of any information that might lead to a special alliance with one individual and that excludes the remaining uninformed family members. The impact of the therapists values, unavoidable in any counseling process, can play a particularly role in marriage and family therapies. Issues discussed in family therapy elicit very important personal, familial, and societal values regarding preservation of the family system, extramarital relationships, and sex roles. Dealing with these values is not easy, particularly when the therapist confronts a conflict in values among different family members and is inclined to reinforce the beliefs and attitudes of one family member over another (Hines amp; Hare p. 65 1978). Premarital Counseling Couples now face more demands and have fewer supports than ever before. The typical complex marriage includes managing two careers while rearing children really requires that couples have very strong, well-established abilities to communicate, resolve issues, maintain support and set goals. Without this foundation, its easy to feel overwhelmed by stress and time pressures. Problems can intrude mu ch more easily than most couples realize. Therefore, premarital counseling is recommended for couples looking to eventually get married. Research shows that premarital counseling reduces the risk of divorce by up to 30% . Premarital counseling is a type of therapy that helps couples prepare for marriage. Premarital counseling can help ensure that you and your partner have a strong, healthy relationship, giving you a better chance for a stable and satisfying marriage. Premarital counseling can also help you identify weaknesses that could become bigger problems during marriage. There are a variety of formats of counseling through local psychology and counseling centers, including individual counseling, small group counseling and interactive seminars where couples participate with a large number of other couples. (Wright p. 65 1992) Characteristics and Qualifications of Marriage and Family Therapists To be qualified as a marriage and family therapist requires not just that you get the right degree, pass the right tests and meet the licensing requirements, but that you possess qualities that prove you to be both sensitive and firm. Corey, Corey and Callanan in Issues and Ethics in the Helping Professions identifies personal characteristics for effective marriage and family therapists as being assertive, confident, accepting, appreciating the influence of diversity to just name a few. Self knowledge is predominantly vital for marriage and family therapists because when working with a family, their reactions and perceptions are influenced by their own regard to family of origin issues. Marriage and Family Therapists must be sensitive to dealing with peoples most personal and graphic secrets, shame, guilt and rage. A Marriage and Family therapist should be embarrassed to hear about these things or make distasteful comments about a chosen lifestyle or action, otherwise she risks shutting out the patient. An effective marriage and family therapists must listen to stories that are painful to hear but should remember that those stories are always more painful for the teller than the listener. An important quality in an marriage and family therapists is recognizing the difference between judging and advising. A good marriage and family therapist will help the patient with insights into sensible decisions that lead to greater personal happiness and responsibility but will not tell the patient what choice to make or ask the patient to adhere to the therapists own likes and dislikes. An marriage and family therapist should distinguish between dysfunctional qualities in a patient and those that are simply non-normative. Marriage and family therapists may hear confessions of illegal activity or hear from the victims of crimes, and legal codes dictate what they have to report. A therapists job is not just to listen but to encourage the patient to take action in his life to get the patient to see their actions in a clear light and make good decisions in turn. Marriage and family therapist can become eligible for state certification, or licensure, upon completion of their internship. First, candidates must register with the Association of Marital and Therapy Regulatory Boards. The Regulatory board will examine the applicants credentials, education and experience to establish competency before the applicant can qualify for testing. State certification costs vary from state to state. Each state has different rules regarding retesting if the candidate does not pass the test on his or her first attempt. Upon completion of the test, scores are validated and mailed to the candidate. A candidate who has passed the state exam is called a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and is free to practice in a private or clinical setting. The educational requirements to become a Marriage and Family Therapist are regulated by each state and thus may vary; however, most will require a masters degree or higher in Marriage and Family Therapy or a related field from an accredited institution. It is essential for students to gain experience in working with a selection of families from different ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. A program that offers a all-inclusive course work and clinical supervision provides the ideal learning situation. Corey, Corey amp; Callanan p. 457 2011) Ethical Dilemmas is Marriage and Family Counseling Couples counselors and family and marriage therapists are likely to encounter many ethical dilemmas throughout their careers. Because of the nature of couples therapy, issues pertaining to informed consent, confidentiality, multiple relationships, and value systems can have a damaging effect of the counselor-client relationship if they arent handled appropriately and discussed by both parties at the beginning of the counseling relationship. Informed consent refers to the process of informing clients about the therapeutic process. Issues such as fees and payment schedules, appointment cancellation policy, theoretical framework that the counselor employs in his practice, approaches and techniques the counselor intends to use with clients and the limits of confidentiality should all be discussed. In addition to discussing verbal consultation, clients also should be given an informed consent package detailing all the information discussed in session. Clients should be asked to sign an informed consent document for both the client and counselors records. In couples counseling, informed consent prevents misunderstandings, disagreements and hostility between the counselor and the client. (AAMFT, 2011) One of the biggest ethical dilemmas in any kind of counseling is confidentiality. This is particularly complicated when it comes to couples counseling in which couples receive both individual and couple counseling. It is important for the counselor to determine early on in the counseling process whether information disclosed in individual counseling sessions will be kept confidential or if both individuals will sign waivers allowing whats discussed in private sessions to be brought up in couples counseling. According to the AAMFT Code of Ethics, counselors must discuss the limits of confidentiality with their clients and make sure clients understand these limits. Article 2. of the AAMFT Code of Ethics states that marriage and family therapists do not disclose client confidences except by written authorization or waiver, or where mandated or permitted by law. Verbal authorization will not be sufficient except in emergency situations, unless prohibited by law. When providing couple, family or group treatment, the therapist does not disclose information outside the treatment context without a written authorization from each individual competent to execute a waiver. In the context of couple, family or group treatment, the therapist may not reveal any individuals confidences to others in the client unit without the prior written permission of that individual. (AAMFT, 2011) In counseling, multiple relationships refer to a situation when the counselor and client are engaged in a sexual or nonsexual relationship outside the counseling relationship. Multiple relationships are often unavoidable, especially in small towns; as a counselor, you may attend the same church as your clients, your children might be on the same soccer team or you may serve on the same board or council. However, multiple relationships should always be avoided when possible. In couples counseling, multiple relationships can further complicate the counseling relationship if the counselor is involved in a multiple relationship with one client but not the other. The client that is not involved in the multiple relationships may feel that the counselor is taking sides or treating her unfairly. (Corey, Corey ;amp; Callanan 2011) At some point in their careers, counselors are likely to encounter couples with a value and belief system that differs significantly from their own. Within the counseling relationship, the counselor has a position of authority; the counselor must not take advantage of this position by trying to impose his values on the client or clients. Counselors must understand that individuals from different backgrounds, cultures, ethnicities and religions than their own may have different value systems. It is not the counselors job to change his clients value system; it is only the counselors job to help clients become comfortable with the decisions they make within their personal value systems. Article 1. of the AAMFT Code of ethics states that marriage and family counselors respect the rights of clients to make decisions and help them to understand the consequences of these decisions. (AAMFT, 2011). Personal Reflections In todays world more and more people are experiencing life struggles when it comes to family. These issues can range from problems in a marriage, how to deal with your children issues and understand yourself and how to deal with your family and certain issues. The area of marriage and family counseling/therapy has had an outbreak over the past decade. The counselors are expected to work effectively with families experiencing a variety of issues and problems. In marriage and family therapy/counseling there are so many different types of techniques that are out there but should be used and looked upon not a cure, but a method to help mobilize the family. Choosing this topic wasnt hard for me because of the love I have my family and evaluating what I believe needs to be repaired and what I believe stands strong for us. I believe in saving marriages and families, I think it is really important. Having strong family and a stable marriage plays such a major part in kids lives today, they need a solid foundation in order to have a healthy life. Watching so many young couples get divorce after less than two years of marriage and seeing how the kids suffer really from the break up of the family. I believe that if younger therapist/counselors were out there and start getting involved in the community, church and conducting seminars relating to marriage and families this could be the beginning of change. This is why I chose this topic to research.

Anti Social Disorder Essay -- essays research papers fc

Anti-Social Personality Disorder In a world full of fears, perhaps the worst one a human being should have is that to be afraid of his fellow man. The human that should be most feared is the one that has Anti-Social Personality Disorder or in laymen's terms the psychopath. The psychopath is probably the most deviant mind that exists and treatment is not very successful because there is not a cure or drug to control it. The solution in my mind to control the problem of sociopaths is to let them live in colonies with each other. Through my research I will develop an understanding of this personality disorder and convince you the reader that my solution might be a viable solution. The sociopath is a combination of other mental illnesses that are incurred in childhood as a result of heredity, trauma and the lack of emotional development. The lack of moral or emotional development which gives a sociopath a lack of understanding for other people's feelings which enables them to be deceitful without feeling bad about whatever they do. The under developed emotional system as explained in the video "The World of Personality Disorders volume 5" says the sociopath is "emotionally retarded" . The sociopathic behavior problems that start as a child have links to heredity, a family with a pre-disposition to perform crimes, alcoholic parents that do crimes, irresponsible behavior that persists and parents that do not discipline. The child that will eventually be a sociopath exhibits certain feeling inside that they are inadequate, shamed and because of that they are teased and made fun of. The child characteristics of a future sociopath consist of being incapable of following the rules. The youngster will skip school, bully, steal, torment animals, run away from home and the child is likely to develop Attention Deficit \Hyperactivity Disorder or AD|HD. At an earlier age than their peer group the child will smoke drink, do drugs, and become sexually active. The diagnoses of Anti-Social Personality Disorder is not used for people under the age of 18. The Psychopath is defined in the dictionary as a person suffering from, especially a severe mental disorder with aggressive antisocial behavior which is a nice way of saying a really bad and mean person. There are many characteristics of a sociopath and each sociopath has thei... ... if they were caused to interact with fellow sociopaths it would keep them interested because it is not as easy to manipulate or con. The possibility of violence in my colony is great but the sociopaths would not mind because it is in their personality and it would serve us better if they killed or hurt each other rather than us. In closing the sociopath is so hard to deal with we should make strides to control their behavior in public. --- Bibliography BOOKS Wing, John Kenneth, Reasoning About Madness, Oxford Press, Oxford 1978 Milt, Harry ,Basic Handbook on Mental Ilness,Scribner, New York, 1974 Hales, Dianne, Caring for the Mind, Bantam Books, New York, 1995 ARTICLES Salama M.D., Aziz A., The Antisocial Personality, The Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, 1988 Malaney M. D. , Kathleen R., Patients with Antisocial Personality Disorder, Post Graduate Medicine, 1992 Unknown, unknown, Psychopathic Patients Pose Dilemma For Physicians and Society, CMAJ, 1995 Hare Ph.D., Robert,Predators, Psycology Today, Feb. 1994 Hill, Heather,Monsters In Our Midst,Homemaker's Magazine, Oct. 1995 VIDEO The World of Abnormal Psychology Personality Disorder

Teenagers’ Addiction

It's 12:30 a. m. YouVe spent your entire night doing your late-night homework and now you have a craving for the munchies. Your mouth waters as you spot a box of Oreos, a bag of Doritos, and yes, even a bag of popcorn. However, what you don't know about these seemingly harmless, delicious snacks is that they contain loads of fats that, on the log run, will surely harm your health!I have put both my time and energy to research about this topic (fast food consumption among teenagers) not only because of its personal influence (considering I'm a teen who used to be a sucker for Junk food), but also because this issue has been strongly prevaling and has been increasing potentially harmful effects on us teenagers as we're growing older, uch as diabetes, high blood pressure problems that can come with even worse complications, like heart diseases and fatal storkes.With only very few exceptions, fast foods have exceedingly high content of saturated fat and trans fat that can easily increase the level of bad cholesterol in a person's body. In addition to fats, sugars and salts that are found in Junk food like candy bars and burgers, respectively, also can have negative impacts on teenagers' healths. Also, some of my school friends have known persons that are currently suffering from the results of constant consumption of fast food.These teenagers suffer from not only evident damages to their physical health, but also those damages to their intellectual health. Moreover, seeing as we are such a school community, I hope that we must be vigilant and take notice for each other as we all wish our friends to stay healthy, Joyful, and successful individuals with long healthy lives. 2. Overview of the subject: Teenagers are becoming immensely absorbed into the theme of today, as their transforming lifestyles are bringing about a lot of challenges in the world.The rapid, untiring, and nervous lifestyles of teenagers today are bringing them towards more ast food consumption rath er than healthier and home cooked food. This has very important problem faced by many countries as the instances of heart diseases and diabetes being observed among teens are growing daily. Teenagers undergoing obesity can have long term sicknesses which will be discovered sooner or later in their lives. In Canada, over 26% of teenagers (1. 6 million teenagers) are considered overweight or obese. Frood, 2009). The same phenomenon has occurred in the United States. The prevalence of overweight teenagers in the United States has increased dramatically in the past few years. Recent reports have reached epidemic levels, with approximately 16 percent of teenagers, 12 to 19 years old, classified as overweight (Bellows ; Roach, 2009). According to Novikova, there are three major causes why so many teenagers are attracted to fast food consumption (Novikova, 2009): The first factor is that of time constraints.This means that Junk food is addictive due to its simplicity and students prefer it as it is very quick to purchase. Students save themselves the hassle of preparing a lunch the night before or even eating breakfast, because some find it tedious and time consuming. In fact, they prefer to grab a quick bite in between classes or to have a quick lunch from the cafeteria so that they can continue with their tasks being almost uninterrupted, hence making Junk food utterly convenient for students to purchase.The second main reason Junk food is hard to resist is the delicious taste. However, the truth is that Junk foods get their taste from large amounts of oils, salts, and sugars, mostly resulting in empty calories (providing energy without any real nutrients needed by the body). Junk food is also tempting, especially on bad days; ome studies suggest that carbohydrates, which are present in most Junk foods, increase serotonin levels, prompting one to feel happier. A third factor is the increasing availability of Junk food.The increase in availability is mostly within d istricts lacking funds to supply nutritious food; therefore, they turn to the cheap, efficient, and tasty alternative that appears to keep everybody content. In general, a â€Å"10 percentage point increase in the proportion of schools with Junk food is correlated with about a 1 percent higher BMI for the average student,† according to National Bureau of Economic Research. This means the more Junk food available, the more weight gain–showing a large disregard for the health risks associated with it; if it's there, students will eat it (Novikova, 2009). 3.Methodology section: This research, which studies the estimations and views of teenagers, examines a rank of fast food-related themes. Using measuring survey approaches, I have polled 15 high school students, all of which ranged between 13 to 18 years of age. Each questionnaire paper was composed of four carefully chosen questions, all of which ere multiple choice questions (refer back to Appendix A for questions). As it can be and straight to the point, in order to meet my research's critical needs successfully. After the data were obtained, information was examined methodically using content analytic approaches.In general, I found that most, if not all, teenagers were well- enlightened about good health and home-food cooking, but they did not translate this knowledge into food behavior; they prefer fast food consumption. Teenagers felt that there were many obstacles and limits to changing their fast food consumption – pecifically, lack of time, absence of discipline, and absence of the sense of urgency. Time was regarded as the most important aspect – students realized themselves as being too engaged to worry about food, nourishment, meal cooking, and eating properly.The next remarks were typical: â€Å"We prefer other ways to spend time and we do not have enough time to change bad habits. † â€Å"We do not have the time with all this school work – a lot of problems . † â€Å"There's a lot more than food that is actually important to us. † 4. Analysis and interpretation: While the greater number of students in the questionnaire said that they found ome kinds of healthy foods agreeable (few of them even suggested their addition in the school food schedule), there was omnipresent and ubiquitous endorsement of temperance in consuming foods of minimal nutritional value.The primary attraction of fast foods, according to the pupils, is the taste. Most noticed that they preferred and ate such foods without noticing the consequences, which involved â€Å"getting fat,† â€Å"occurrence of inflamed glands,† â€Å"bad state of mind† â€Å"bad health,† â€Å"poor feeding† â€Å"laziness,† â€Å"cavities,† and â€Å"getting ill frequently'. The other most popular cause given or consumption of fast food is its practicality. At all times, seeming to be in a rush, teenagers find fast food, in spite of its negative values, to be an essential part of their busy lives.The most important obstacle that these teens cited in the questionnaire was the unsuitability and expenditure involved in developing their diets. Since many teenagers are becoming conscious of themselves as leading lively, energetic, busy individuals, they sometimes trust that it is too much trouble to prepare a meal from scratch, thinking it would be a waste of time. More precisely, they can't seem to stop escribing how much they are tempted to fast-food places and well-timed and favorable foods (such as chocolates, sweets, and chips).Such food selections are easy to reach and involve no planning or trouble in shopping for. The prevailing opinion among the teenagers I polled is that healthy food is â€Å"too large of a bother† and they are too engaged and pressured to consider much about healthy food. 5. Conclusion: Teenagers require to learn the skills obligatory to make dietary transformation. They nutrit ion facts, and to reckon up dietary and food information. Moreover, training in ields such as solution making, assertiveness, and opposition to peer pressure required to be involved into programs purposed at producing food changes.During this questionnaire pupils put forward for consideration that many teenagers' absence the self-discipline required to eat healthy foods since their priority is for fast food consumption. Ultimately some of the teen respondents put forward for consideration that practicing good food habits had little hurry to teenagers. While self-confessing the significance of healthy eating practices, teenagers thought they ould concern later in life about eating better.It took me a while to think about an issue that I would have loved to read about, learn more about, and know how to deal with. After that, it only seemed convenient for me to research about the hazards in Junk food and how to prevent them as much as possible, for l, myself, am someone who needs a die tetic wake-up call! I was glad that I have found a topic that I was completely absorbed in, and from there, my Journey of researching began. Digging more into my topic, by reading as many relevant articles as I could, slightly overwhelmed me, especially with the uncountable number of articles that I could use as references.However, with constant elimination, I finally succeeded to narrow down my options. Another challenge was choosing the 5 questions for my interview. At first, it took me a while to choose whether the question should be multiple choice questions or free- subjective ones. However, I knew for a fact that if I received a survey form to fill out, I would have preferred to have fast and easy-to-answer questions due to my typical eenage busy schedule and lack of patience. Therefore, I made sure to keep my survey questions easy to relate to and quick to answer.Of course, I also made sure to keep a varied set of answers available in order for them to meet everyone's opinion s. all. It took me a while to put my words together and make the best out of all the sources. To be completely honest, I never felt like I was burdened to the extent where I was so close to NOT doing this research. Despite the fact that I've been exempted from the final exams, I umfortunately still have to study for two difficult SAT subject ests, and to practice for the musical performance that I will be performing on my graduation night , all that in a matter of 2 and a half weeks!Not to mention, of course, that I still haven't bought my graduation dress! (that alone is a girl's worst nightmare, believe me! ) Nevertheless, I was able to finish this ever-so-stressful mission, and I couldn't be more relieved! It made me realize that my hard work and perseverance never fail to pay off and make me outdo myself everytime. I am so pleased to say that I have officially broken my record of deligence against Dar Jana's stressful assignments!

Bill Gates and DOS Operating System

Bill Gates has proven himself to be the wealthiest man alive. He initiated the monster computer software business called Microsoft and has produced the most widely used computer software programs to date. Bill Gates is a transgressive person meaning he has both helped society progressively and regressively. Bill Gates has progressively helped our society by introducing the basic operating system DOS in 1983. This basic operating system consisted of a single prompt, which allowed the user to complete tasks by typing in the right command line. When the press asked Gates what it took to create the Dos operating system, he replied, â€Å"Well, to create a new standard, it takes something that†s not just a little bit different. It takes something that†s really new and really captures people†s imagination.† (Microsoft Conference on Dos, 1984) When people saw the operating system, they were awestruck. Over ten million copies of Dos where sold during the first two years of sales. Society benefited from this operating system. By using it to run programs easily and efficiently, the Dos network allowed a whole new frontier of micro-management for businesses. Transactions could be saved to hard drives and easily located for later use. The average home computer user would have to take computer courses to learn the basic operations of the interfaces, which were available at the time. Dos offers a short instruction manual and also a set of easily understood operations. After Microsoft had gained control of the market with the Dos operating system, Bill Gates and his company Microsoft started on a new program that again would change the market. This alteration would not be in the home computer region, but the programming industry. The program was called the OS/2. â€Å"I believe Os/2 is destined to be the most important operating system, and possibly program, of all time. As the successor to Dos, which has over 10,000,000 system in use, it creates opportunities for everyone involved in Pc†s.† (Bill Gates, Os/2 Programmer†s guide). The program was a simple interface which made creating programs efficient and easy. Low-level programmers could write unthinkable programs in a fraction of the time it would take a team of programmers to complete programs. With this technology, programs that would help our society where brought to our reach faster. After setting up these two major projects, Bill Gates and Microsoft released windows 1.0. This version of Microsoft†s operating system was the first of many steps in the evolution of Microsoft being the monopoly it is today. The windows operating system allowed non-computer lingual people to manipulate a computer with ease. The progressive program allowed families to use their home computers to educate and entertain themselves. The major flaw with the windows operating system was that Bill gates and Microsoft produced windows with the basic drop-down menu. Macintosh had already copyrighted this, later; they brought Microsoft to court over the matter and won their settlement. With Microsoft windows being run on most PC†s, Bill Gates and Microsoft began work for upgrades. Through the evolution of technology, Microsoft has made four new version of the windows operating system, each one bettering the last. The interface has gotten more and more user-friendly. With the most recent version, windows 2000, you can actually learn all of the operations through the program†s tutorial. This self-education application allows easy understanding and use for the users. The Internet has attracted many people to buy a computer and with the windows operating system, users will have no problem adapting to the computer environment. One of the more recent programs that Microsoft has initiated is the Internet explorer. This program has progressively helped many businesses start web pages and has also allowed families get connected to the Internet. While the Internet explorer does help our society progressively, at the same time, it regressively helped the workers of Netscape Navigator. Microsoft included the Internet explorer free with every windows operating system package, starting from Windows 95 and up. Microsoft single handedly took control of the Internet browsing business. This made Netscape, the makers of Netscape navigator; make cutbacks in regards to their employees. Netscape brought Microsoft to court and won. Although the courts decision was guilty, it has not affected direct sales of their product. Bill Gates has also affected our society in regressive or negative ways. Over the course of Bill Gate†s working career with Microsoft, he has accumulated a wealth of $119.704 billion dollars. The U.S, population is only 274,231,556 as of Thursday, February 10, 2000. This means that each person has contributed $436.507 dollars toward his wealth, whether or not they are buying Microsoft products or not. While many people do not even own a computer, they have contributed to Microsoft through taxes and other means of financial Microsoft in itself is a regressive business when looked at through the eyes of a computer software business. Bill Gates almost ruined Macintosh Computer, but decided that it would be better to own them, rather then end the business. He now has turned them into an even larger corporation then before. † The next generation of interesting software will be made on a Macintosh, not on an IBM PC.† (Bill Gates, 1996) Bill Gates meant that he believes that the Macintosh will be the computer for tomorrow, not an IBM PC. By owning a large chunk of the Computer software industry, Microsoft has become a national monopoly. Most small time businesses cannot offer competition to a corporation such as Microsoft. Finally, Bill Gates has had a transgressive hold on society ever since the Microsoft Corporation began. He has helped our society by making the operating systems made by Microsoft and the other programs offered, available to us. Through the operating systems: stocks have risen, people are becoming open to the world through the Internet, and important medical research can be accomplished as well as hundreds of other useful task.

A Guide to Socratic Ignorance

A Guide to Socratic Ignorance Socratic ignorance refers, paradoxically, to a kind of knowledge–a person’s frank acknowledgment of what they don’t know.  It is captured by the well-known statement: â€Å"I know only one thing–that I know nothing.†Ã‚  Paradoxically, Socratic ignorance is also referred to as Socratic wisdom. Socratic Ignorance in Plato's Dialogues This sort of humility regarding what one knows is associated with the Greek philosopher Socrates (469-399 BCE) because he is portrayed displaying it in several of Plato’s dialogs.  The clearest statement of it is in the Apology, the speech Socrates gave in his defense when he was prosecuted for corrupting the youth and impiety.  Socrates recounts how his friend Chaerephon was told by the Delphic oracle that no human was wiser than Socrates.  Socrates was incredulous since he didn’t consider himself wise.  So he set about trying to find someone wiser than himself.  He found plenty of people who were knowledgeable about specific matters such as how to make shoes, or how to pilot a ship.  But he noticed that these people also thought that they were similarly expert about other matters too when they clearly were not.  He eventually drew the conclusion that in one sense, at least, he was wiser than others in that he did not think he knew what he did not in fact know.  In short, he was aware of his own ignorance. In several other of Plato’s dialogs, Socrates is shown confronting someone who thinks they understand something but who, when questioned rigorously about it, turns out not to understand it at all.  Socrates, by contrast, admits from the outset that he does not know the answer to whatever question is being posed.   In the Euthyphro, for instance, Euthyphro is asked to define piety.  He makes five attempts, but Socrates shoots each one down.  Euthyphro, however, does not admit that he is as ignorant as Socrates; he simply rushes off at the end of the dialog like the white rabbit in Alice in Wonderland, leaving Socrates still unable to define piety (even though he is about to be tried for impiety). In the Meno, Socrates is asked by Meno if virtue can be taught and responds by saying that he doesn’t know because he doesn’t know what virtue is.  Meno is astonished, but I turn out that he is unable to define the term satisfactorily. After three failed attempts, he complains that Socrates has benumbed his mind, rather as a stingray numbs its prey.  He used to be able to speak eloquently about virtue, and now he can’t even say what it is.  But in the next part of the dialog, Socrates shows how clearing one’s mind of false ideas, even if it leaves one in a state of self-confessed ignorance, is a valuable and even necessary step if one is to learn anything.  He does this by showing how a slave boy can only solve a mathematical problem once he has recognized that the untested beliefs he already had were false. The Importance of Socratic Ignorance This episode in the Meno highlights the philosophical and historical importance of Socratic ignorance.  Western philosophy and science only get going when people begin to question dogmatically help beliefs.  The best way to do this is to start out with a skeptical attitude, assuming one is not certain about anything.  This approach was most famously adopted by Descartes (1596-1651) in his Meditations. In actual fact, it is questionable how feasible it is to maintain an attitude of Socratic ignorance on all matters.  Certainly, Socrates in the ​Apology doesn’t maintain this position consistently.  He says, for instance, that he is perfectly certain that no real harm can befall a good man.  And he is equally confident that â€Å"the unexamined life is not worth living.†

Narrator in The Yellow Wallpaper Essay Example

Narrator in The Yellow Wallpaper Essay Example Narrator in The Yellow Wallpaper Essay Narrator in The Yellow Wallpaper Essay Essay Topic: The Yellow Wallpaper One of my favorite short stories The Yellow Wallpaper, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the narrator of the story is also one of the main characters, and she is a mentally ill patient whom, in her mind, believes that her doctor is her husband, she has a new born child, and they have moved to their new home for summer vacation. While there the narrator, John (the doctor/husband), and Jennie(Nurse/sister of John) are all living in this huge colonel home and the narrator starts to become lonely as her husband is always gone at work. John turns to his own forms of treatment for her thinking he knows what is best for her when in reality it is only causing her more damage. She begins to become delusional in the house and starts seeing weird images in the yellow wallpaper of a room she is staying in. Turning back to psychoanalysis criticism from Critical Theory Today: A User-Friendly Guide, it explains that the theory was influenced by the tradition of psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud. The psych oanalysis of the narrator in The Yellow Wallpaper, shows through her delusional thoughts and her journal entries she would write almost every day. She was very expressive in her fear of John and began to question why she was there with him and what his true purpose for her was. It drove her madder than she already was and she began to see images in the wallpaper that influenced her thought process. John’s repressive treatments towards the narrator showed a sense of control in his character, and he did not give her the full medical attention that she needed. As in the theory of psychoanalysis, it perfectly describes the narrator’s character as she was indulged in her own fears and dream interpretations. Johns controlling and stricken manners were mostly the cause of both of their downfalls, and he can be mostly blamed for the tragic ending of the story. From the beginning, the narrator was having troubles with John and her stay at the ne

The First Review of Van Goghs Paintings

The First Review of Van Gogh's Paintings The very first art critic to review Van Goghs paintings was Albert Aurier (1865-1892), and it happened during Van Goghs Lifetime. Aurier was a painter himself, as well as an art critic. Aurier was passionate about Symbolism, then an emerging art movement. His review, Les Isolà ©s: Vincent van Gogh, was published in January 1890, on pages 24-29 of the magazine Mercure de France. This was a magazine read at the time by everyone with an interest in modern art.1 In it, Aurier aligned Van Goghs art with the nascent Symbolist movement and highlight[ed] the originality and intensity of his artistic vision.2 In his review Aurier described Van Gogh as the only painter he knew who perceives the coloration of things with such intensity, with such a metallic, gem-like quality, his work as intense and feverish, his brushstrokes as fiery, very powerful, his palette as dazzling, and said his technique matched his artistic temperament: vigorous and intense. (Full review, in French.) Aurier also published a shortened version under the title Vincent van Gogh in L’Art Moderne on 19 January 1890.4. Vincent van Gogh wrote a letter3 to Aurier in February 1890 to thank him for the review. Thank you very much for your article in the Mercure de France, which greatly surprised me. I like it very much as a work of art in itself, I feel that you create colors with your words; anyway, I rediscover my canvases in your article, but better than they really are - richer, more significant. Van Gogh then goes on to deprecate himself: However, I feel ill at ease when I reflect that what you say should be applied to others rather than to me and right at the end he gives instructions about how Aurier would do well to varnish the study hed sent him. Source:1. History of the Publication of Van Gogh Letters, Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam2. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Vincent van Gogh, Metropolitan Museum of Art3. Letter to Albert Aurier by Vincent van Gogh, written either 9 or 10 February 1890. Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam4. Notes to Letter 845 from Jo van Gogh-Bonger to Vincent van Gogh, 29 January 1890. Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam

Organisational Change Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 4

Organisational Change Management - Essay Example Whatever kind of change in an organisation, people end up being affected because an organisation is made of people. Moreover, people are afraid of change even in the rare cases where change may actually be directly beneficial to them. This can be seen in instances where an organisation wants to buy a new system to make work for the employees easier, yet the employees get sceptical about change. This paper is a case study analysis about an auto manufacturing firm that is about to go through a process of change. The 5D Appreciative Inquiry will be used to determine the issues in the case study and also in developing possible solutions. A closer look at the case reveals a number of issues that are directly linked to change management. These problems can be classified into two main categories as follows; Issues leading to a need to change; Competition According to the case study, it becomes clear that the firm is suffering from increase competition in the market. Competition has intensif ied in the market, thus making it harder for the organisation to restructure its operations in order to absorb the shock waves caused by this increased competition from the market. This issue, combined with the next discussed issue has made the organisation to have no choice but to restructure its business model. ... One such issue is the fact that the firm has in the past failed to have a futuristic strategy that can help it to overcome such issues when they do show up. In a modern business world, it is important for such organisations to be always ready to deal with such issues because such issues are inevitable (Todnem, 2005). One mistake that the D2 has done in the past is the fact that it continued having distributed manufacturing while multinational manufacturers have in the past flowed towards centralised manufacturing in order to increase economies of scale and economies of efficiency. Issues that may make the change management harder for D2 No information With regard to change management, D2 is having a few issues that it needs to take care of. One of these issues is the fact that information sharing has not been achieved in the organisation. According to the case study, it becomes open that the junior managers and the workers are hardly aware of the imminent change and that even most of the managers are not yet aware it. This is a major error by D2, and it will lead to the negative impact on the change process. Any change process requires that all participants be well informed about the change way before the change is implemented (Poole and Andrew, 2004). Change process is always met with protest and resistance, and the more the change management process is informed to all the stakeholders, the easier it is for the firm to be able to overcome these issues of resistance (Kerr and Slocum, 2009). In this case, the fact that D2 top management has chosen to not inform the managers and employees in good time will mean that the employees are more likely to be angry about the issues. Involvement of the individuals The other eminent issues in the case study

The pros and cons of university ranking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The pros and cons of university ranking - Essay Example Ranking is aimed at evaluating the quality of education offered at institutions of higher learning often based on research produced by the institutions. This evaluation is relative; however, as quality will be perceived differently and as such, there cannot be fixed criteria (Almegren 14). Recently, there has been mounting attentiveness to ranking systems and great criticism of existing rankings. The problem with the existing rankings is that they do not include universities and higher learning institutions from various parts of the world. This has become necessary, as governments of many countries have reiterated the significance of quality in research and higher education, and linking economic growth, innovation and research. Moreover, higher education and research institutions are competing for funding and the best students and researchers, at national and international levels (Almegren 14). Among the primary benefits of rankings, is that they allow students to make well-versed decisions. When a potential student is choosing which university to join, they will need to have specific information pertinent to their desires and wishes. This will enable a choice that will suit their needs and preferences concerning both academics and extracurricular activities. The precedent is determined using outcome that is, performance of students after university, number of professors available to students where the number of research papers and articles published factors into their competence and facilities and amenities within a university. Besides that, rankings have been advocated for because they foster healthy, spirited competition among institutions of higher learning. This is because of the simple fact that every institution will want to be ranked high as this builds a positive reputation (â€Å"QS World Universities Rankings†). Notably also, rankings are supported as they offer institutions of higher learning an opportunity to improve

Child Abuse at School Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Child Abuse at School - Dissertation Example From this discussion it is clear that in everyday terms, people use the word punishment to describe negative consequences imposed on people when they misbehave. Often, the term has moral overtones, suggesting that those being punished 'deserve' that punishment because their actions violate a rule, law, or social expectation. But when it comes to behavior management, it has a somewhat narrow definition.This paper highlights that  teachers should understand the pros and cons about using punishment in the classroom, as schools frequently use the method as a tool to manage student behaviors. Since punishers affect different students in different ways, so one punisher my not be effective against all students and should be suited to a particular student’s temperament. There are times at which punishment tends to put a stop to problem behaviors and would seem a strong and desirable behavior management tool. But there is a price for everything.  Discussion has been going on, on th e topic of punishment for many years. Educators cannot find agreement as to the best way to discipline students in schools. Hundreds of articles were written and lectures delivered on this subject.  Most students cannot comprehend what action or lack of action on their part does bring punishment. They feel that the teacher’s mood at a particular moment brings about the punishment.   Another expert supports this general idea.

Strategic Marketing Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic Marketing Management - Case Study Example However, road to foray into such diversified markets was not that easy and needed an innovation from Dell’s management and policy makers. This innovation was not restricted only to new strategies or tactics, but to a complete revamping of its culture and the way employer-employee relationship exists. Question 1 Dell had been operating as the Numero Uno player in the computer industry, leaving behind IBM and Compaq. All credit to its innovative direct-to-sell model. However, Michael Dell (CEO and Founder of Dell Corporation) felt the need to innovate further and extend the targets because according to him, golden sales figures are not always real and most of the times, they carry hidden threats. Even though Dell had been posting mammoth profits in its computer sales, yet innovation was required because of spreading discontent among Dell employees and diminishing influence of leaders. The innovation at Dell was the precursor to its expansion and diversification spree and as such , required a total revamping of the prevailing culture and norms. Every strategy comes attached with strengths and also some defects. Innovation strategy at Dell was strong in its inception and planning aspects because the leaders had smelled the nuances of employee detachments with the Corporation. As such, the innovation strategy was marked by a transformation in the personality and attitude of the leaders itself- Michael Dell and Kevin Rollins. This sparked new zeal, influence and respect amongst the employees that even the senior managers and company owners are so committed to innovate the company that they are ready to change the way they behave. Infusing cultural compatibility was the stepping stone and indeed one of the strengths of the innovation strategy pursued at Dell (Interaction Associates n.d). Two-in-a-box approach was another inspiring and influencing feature as well as strength of the innovation strategy (Park 2003). It fostered team spirit, shared working and syner gistic attainment of goals when two managers or employees worked in tandem. Another strong feature of Dell’s innovation strategy was judiciously planned and analyzed options. The motto behind innovation strategy was ‘efficient and not profitable operations’. This is why Dell even let go of many of new ventures and entry options which seemed lucrative but did not hold much scope of future promise. Innovation should not be at the cost of current positioning and secured market standing. Dell could have proceeded with the options, but what matters is the value which should be delivered to the customers in terms of efficiency, reliability and value (Dell 2002). This is what the biggest strength of innovation strategy was. However, being too rigid on pursuing strategic options and not developing the research and development abilities of the company counts as one of the weaknesses of its innovation strategy. Dell embarked upon many ventures but discontinued them in midw ay because of cost or feasibility options. This is something which is not expected out of an experienced and leadership position holding giant. Innovation is a risk-return tradeoff which was not understood and recognized by Dell. Some sort of employee induction problem is also apparent from the case which unveils concerns like absence of bottom-up management approach, lack of empowerment and creativity in employees and decisions flowing in from the top management cadre of the company. Question 2 Whatever market Dell enters or

Causes Attributed to the Occurrence of Torus Palatinus Essay

Causes Attributed to the Occurrence of Torus Palatinus - Essay Example This type occurs the most frequent with the longer axis in a sagittal direction (Vidic 1511). The nodular torus arises as multiple protuberances, each with an individual base. These protruberances may coalesxe, forming grooves between them. The lobular torus is also a lobulated mass, but it rises from single base. Lobular tori can either be sessile or pedunculated (Neville 21). These exocytoses are usually composed of mature dense cancellous bone with a rim of cortical bone of variable thickness. Occasional minimal osteoblastic activity or even hemopoietic marrow can be seen (Belsky 2061). Most palatal tori are small, measuring less that 2cm in diameter; however, they can slowly increase in size throughout life, sometimes to the extent that they fill the entire palatal vault (Neville 22). Torus palatinus is usually assymptomatic, growing into the the second and third decades of life and often goes unnoticed until middle age (Sisman 269). Like other tori, torus palatinus is benign and is not considered as a disease or pathology. It is not usually indicated for surgical removal unless the torus is interfering with the use of dentures or with the patient's mouth functions. Recurrent mucosal lacerations covering a large torus can also be an indication for surgery. The prevalence of palatal tori has varied widely in a number of... One of the theories published in many journals is that torus palatinus is acquired genetically. In a study done by Gould in 1964 as to the inheritance of torus palatinus & torus mandibularis, he found out that in eight family pedigrees comprising in a total of 125 individuals, the locus for torus palatinus is on an autosome, because of its inheritance regardless of sex. The gene for torus palatinus acts as a simple dominant gene (163). The same conclusion was given by Barbujani, et.al in their segregation analysis study of 99 sibships in 2 samples from Venezuela and Japan with the gene showing variable expressivity and penetrance close to 85% among the populations considered (317). Another study done by Gorsky, Bukai & Shohat on the genetic influence on the prevalence of torus palatinus also yield an autosomal dominant transmission in the vertical transmission of torus palatinus in 19 families. They also saw a significantly higher number of affected offspring (60.3%) observed compare d to the expected figure (50%) for an autosomal dominant trait with full penetrance. Another theory that is also widely accepted is tous palatinus (Last Name) 3 due to environmental factors. This was the conclusion reached by n a study done by Halffman , Scott & Pedersen. They assessed the temporal and spatial variation of torus palatinus on all available Greenlandic Norse skeletons, as well as on samples of medieval Icelanders and Norwegians. They observed that medieval Greenlanders from the Eastern and Western settlements exhibited higher frequencies and more pronounced expressions of palatine torus compared with early 11th century Greenlanders and they

Bestmovies released in the past three years Essay - 1

Bestmovies released in the past three years - Essay Example Kleber Mendonca Filho directed the movie. This film documents a magnificent residential suburb that is located towards the south of the city and borders the Atlantic. There is a significant warning on the beach that warns visitors to be aware of sharks. The community in the Neighboring Sounds suffers from stress caused by the environment that is constantly changing. Apparently, the build environment has complicated the lives of residents in this city (Filho, 2012). The white and black photographs in the movie, the setting portrays a rural community that is coherent and builds around a master house. The presence of a sugar mill and school that is socially mixed further points to the historical times of the community. The film then assumes an urban area that is brightly lit with high apartments and some other ancient buildings. A Rollerblades girl follows a boy through a car park built under the ground until they disappear into an area that is enclosed. When the film opens in part one, Beatrice is shown seated at the kitchen due to lack of sleep. Apparently, some dogs are noisily yelping across the yard of the next door. To overcome this irritating noise, she decides to drug the dogs, an action that surprises her daughter. The director then shows an old, white bearded and widowed patriarch who once owned the entire area. Apparently, this former sugar baron Francisco is now selling the area in bits for purposes of redevelopment. His family lives and run the area. Among them, include the old man’s grandsons, Dinho and Joà £o who are cousins. Apparently, Joà £o took his studies in Europe and acts as the estate agent, albeit with much laxity. On his part, Dinho is a student without good reputation due to his numerous cases of petty theft. Both Dinho and Joà £o share the belief of closeness to the female servants and the boys who mostly do odd jobs. However, a new class has

Causes Attributed to the Occurrence of Torus Palatinus Essay

Causes Attributed to the Occurrence of Torus Palatinus - Essay Example This type occurs the most frequent with the longer axis in a sagittal direction (Vidic 1511). The nodular torus arises as multiple protuberances, each with an individual base. These protruberances may coalesxe, forming grooves between them. The lobular torus is also a lobulated mass, but it rises from single base. Lobular tori can either be sessile or pedunculated (Neville 21). These exocytoses are usually composed of mature dense cancellous bone with a rim of cortical bone of variable thickness. Occasional minimal osteoblastic activity or even hemopoietic marrow can be seen (Belsky 2061). Most palatal tori are small, measuring less that 2cm in diameter; however, they can slowly increase in size throughout life, sometimes to the extent that they fill the entire palatal vault (Neville 22). Torus palatinus is usually assymptomatic, growing into the the second and third decades of life and often goes unnoticed until middle age (Sisman 269). Like other tori, torus palatinus is benign and is not considered as a disease or pathology. It is not usually indicated for surgical removal unless the torus is interfering with the use of dentures or with the patient's mouth functions. Recurrent mucosal lacerations covering a large torus can also be an indication for surgery. The prevalence of palatal tori has varied widely in a number of... One of the theories published in many journals is that torus palatinus is acquired genetically. In a study done by Gould in 1964 as to the inheritance of torus palatinus & torus mandibularis, he found out that in eight family pedigrees comprising in a total of 125 individuals, the locus for torus palatinus is on an autosome, because of its inheritance regardless of sex. The gene for torus palatinus acts as a simple dominant gene (163). The same conclusion was given by Barbujani, et.al in their segregation analysis study of 99 sibships in 2 samples from Venezuela and Japan with the gene showing variable expressivity and penetrance close to 85% among the populations considered (317). Another study done by Gorsky, Bukai & Shohat on the genetic influence on the prevalence of torus palatinus also yield an autosomal dominant transmission in the vertical transmission of torus palatinus in 19 families. They also saw a significantly higher number of affected offspring (60.3%) observed compare d to the expected figure (50%) for an autosomal dominant trait with full penetrance. Another theory that is also widely accepted is tous palatinus (Last Name) 3 due to environmental factors. This was the conclusion reached by n a study done by Halffman , Scott & Pedersen. They assessed the temporal and spatial variation of torus palatinus on all available Greenlandic Norse skeletons, as well as on samples of medieval Icelanders and Norwegians. They observed that medieval Greenlanders from the Eastern and Western settlements exhibited higher frequencies and more pronounced expressions of palatine torus compared with early 11th century Greenlanders and they

PBS Frontline Documentary, The Storm Research Paper

PBS Frontline Documentary, The Storm - Research Paper Example It is clear from the film that the natural disaster was broadly predicted and thus the government was provided with enough time to facilitate a timely and effective response. However, that was not the case as the highly bureaucratic structure of the government made it hard for decisions to be made. The author also reviews the changes that have taken place within the government response system since the occurrence of the disaster. It is important to note that Hurricane Katrina took place four years after the 9/11 attacks, and three years after the government created the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). This was also just a year after a National Response Plan was created by the DHS. Regardless of the increased attention that was directed towards homeland security after the 9/11 attacks, the government failed in its response towards Hurricane Katrina (Moynihan 14). The film by Marti Smith focused on the failures that were experienced on the side of the government after occurrence of the disaster. Nevertheless, it is important to note that as much as the film merely mentions them, the major failure of the government was lack of response to the risk factors of the storm prior its occurrence (Cooper and Block 89). Case in point, the risk of occurrence of a major hurricane in New Orleans had been established and various avenues of warnings were exploited, which even led to emergency declarations days before the landfall. However, the responders did not convert such information into the preparation level that is appropriate for the impending disaster’s scope. The weakened response of the intergovernmental response system in the US could also be attributed to the authority’s dispersed nature. As such, this led to poor recognition among the federal responders of the need to engage more actively in combating the disaster. The capacities of most of the major institutions in the management of the response at different levels of

Impact of the Affordable Care Act Essay Example for Free

Impact of the Affordable Care Act Essay The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was signed into law by President Barack Obama early in 2010. The ACA was introduced into law to help provide access to affordable and quality health insurance to more Americans than ever before. The goal was to reduce health care cost for individuals and government. It has allowed more adults to be eligible for Medicaid by increasing income eligibility to 138 percent of the Federal Poverty Level (FPL). (Milstead, 2013) However, by ruling of the Supreme Court in June of 2012, states had the option to implement the expansion of Medicaid eligibility to cover more low-income adults. As of January 2014, North Carolina (NC) was one of the states that chose not to implement the expansion of Medicaid making the eligibility for Medicaid for low-income adults very limited. How does this affect the population, economy, cost, and quality of health care? North Carolina’s Right to Refuse According to Knickman and Kovner (2011, p. 110), â€Å"the 10th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution gives states the primary responsibility for public health. Medicaid is administered and overseen by each state but governed by various federal guidelines with the federal government contributing 50%-78% of its costs. (2011) After long debate and review of advantages and disadvantages to implementing the new laws, the North Carolina’s government elected not to adopt the new legislation. Caroll (2013) indicated the decision was based on NC’s current Medicaid system, indicating that is was broken and needing to be revised. There was concern the ACA would cause an increase in taxpayer’s contribution due to the long term costs. As of September 2014, there are 21 states that are following North Carolina’s decision not to adopt the new health care reform. This would leave millions of Americans that would be eligible for Medicaid under the ACA without access to health care.  (StateReforum, 2014) Impact on the Population One of the initiatives of the ACA was to provide more than 32 million uninsured Americans with insurance coverage. This was to be done by increasing the FPL to 138 percent and lifting or altering certain limitations for eligibility to Medicaid. This meant that all Americans whose income was at or below the FPL would be eligible for Medicaid. For example, an unemployed, single, 26-year-old male without any other income would be eligible for Medicaid. Medicaid would no longer be limited to specific categories such as the disabled, children and their parents, or pregnant women whose income was below the FPL. North Carolina’s current Medicaid program â€Å"eligibility for non-disabled adults is limited to parents with incomes below 43% of poverty, or about $10,000 a year for a family of four, and adults without dependent children remain ineligible regardless of their income† (How Will the Uninsured, 2014). Currently, there are over 319,000 uninsured adults in NC that are not eligible for Medicaid, by the current NC guidelines, which would be eligible under the Affordable Care Act. This can lead to increased health care costs and weighs heavily on the economy. Who is to take up the slack? Economic Effects of Doing Nothing Dorgan (2009), Chairman of the Democratic Policy Committee, indicates that the current health care system in NC has â€Å"led to higher health care costs, reduced access to care, and inconsistent quality of care†. The Gross Domestic Product in 2013 for North Carolina, based on millions of dollars spent, was $471,365 million, an increase of over $50,000 million since 2010. (Department of Labor and Workforce, 2013) In 2013, North Carolina’s State Auditor Beth Wood indicated that the state’s Medicaid program had gone over budget for the past three years, costing taxpayers about $1.2 billion. (Hoban, 2013) This leaves businesses and the working population to cover health care costs by paying higher taxes. With unemployment soaring over the last decade, and North Carolina having one of the highest unemployment rates in the United States (Hoban, 2013), less is paid into taxes. This leads to less to cover health care costs. The Affordable Care Act was implemented to decrease the costs of health care for all Americans. According to the White House website (2014) â€Å"the Congressional Budget Office found that health  insurance reform will reduce the deficit by $210 billion in this decade and by more than $1 trillion over the following 10 years. A family of four would save as much as $2,300 on their premiums in 2014 compared to what they would have paid without reform†. Will the decreased costs affect the quality of care being provided? Quality of Care The implementation of the ACA will require a higher standard for quality of care. The ACA promotes the use of accountable care organizations (ACO), which is a type of managed care that includes at least primary physicians, specialists, and hospitals that would be held accountable for the quality of care provided. (Kovener and Knickman, 2011, p. 196) The ACA works to move away from a fee-for-service approach to an accountable care organization (ACO) model that would incorporate a coordinated approach to provide high quality of care. This type of system rewards physicians and health care facilities through how they are paid for the quality of care they provide. The ACA reforms the way health care is delivered to the population by â€Å"creating high-performing organizations of physicians and hospitals that use systems of care and information technology to prevent illness, improve access to care, improve safety, and coordinate services† (What is an Accountable Care, 2011) making them more accountable for the care they provide. Incentives are provided to physicians and healthcare organizations that have shown they can provide quality care and improve patient satisfaction. Ethical Implications How can the government provide quality health care to so many without sacrificing the rights of a few? The ACA was enacted to help provide health care to more adults between the ages of 19-64 years of age that otherwise would not have access to or afford health care. According to Sorrell (2012), Americans want a health care system that will provide quality care, have freedom of choice, be affordable, and allow the costs to be shared among all. There is worry the ACO will lead to cost-shifting. Medicare and Medicaid pay much less for reimbursement for health care treatment. To re-coop their costs, hospitals and health care providers participate in the unethical practice of shifting these losses to patients with insurance by charging more for the same services. Insurance companies then shift these  costs to members by increasing their premiums and out-of-pocket costs. With such an increase in the number of people eligible for Medicaid, providers will be receiving much less for the services they provide. Another concern is for the Americans that do not qualify for Medicaid. Income levels can qualify some for decrease in premiums for health insurance from private companies. However, there will be those that do not qualify in either category and do not have access to health insurance through their employer and cannot afford the high premiums of private insurance. The new health reform requires those that do not have some type of health insurance to have to pay penalties for not having insurance. Conclusion The Affordable Care Act was developed to provide health care to an additional 32 million Americans with the goal of reducing health care costs. Even though there are millions that will now have access to health care, there will be millions that do not qualify for the programs and will remain uninsured. There is much concern and debate the ACA with hurt the economy, increase health care costs, and add to the United States’ deficit. North Carolina, along with 21 other states, have chosen not to adopt the new law and either continue with current guidelines or choose to restructure their current health care policies. Concerns also arise about causing a decrease in quality of health care provided. The development of ACO’s through the ACA implies that quality of health care will be improved. However, there is question that ACO’s will lead to cost-shifting to re-coop lost costs from the influx of American’s now eligible for Medicaid and Medicare. References Caroll, B. (2013). North Carolina Thumbs its Nose at Obamacare. Retrieved from http://watchdogwire.com/northcarolina/2013/02/12/north-carolina-thumbs-its-nose-at-obamacare/ Dorgan, B. (2009). Health Care Reform: The Cost of Doing Nothing in North Carolina. Democratic Policy Committee. Retrieved from http://www.dpc.senate.gov/docs/states-fs-111-1-87/nc.pdf Hoban, R. (April, 2013). Cost of Care: How ‘Broken’ is NC Medicaid?. North Carolina Health News. Retrieved from http://www.northcarolinahealthnews.org/2013/04/15/how-broken-is-nc-medicaid/

Essay --

Question 2 a Unified Process would be an appropriate choice for this project. Way of Thinking – Unified Process is a predictive and adaptive approach of software development methodology based on object oriented principles. (Satzinger & Others, 2005) It is use case driven approach focused on developing the system incrementally by delivering the captured functional requirements in iterations. (So-Young & Ho-Jin, 2005) Creating different artifacts throughout the development process eliminates the possibility of undefined requirement and miscommunication. (Rational, 1998) Modularity embedded in the process allows developing and delivering of system in components. Maintaining software quality and requirement changes are integral part of process. (Daoudi & Nurcan) (ISQA 8220 Notes) Way of Working – UP is use case driven methodology developing system iteratively and incrementally thereby adding flexibility to process. This flexibility allows us to quickly react and afford frequent changes during development process. (Satzinger & Others, 2005) (Daoudi & Nurcan) Each iteration is a small part of project needed to be developed under four phases – Inception, Elaboration, Construction and Transition. UP defines six disciplines in each phase to better manage iteration. These are - Business modeling, requirements, design, implementation, testing and deployment. (Satzinger & Others, 2005) Every iteration carry out different activities form all discipline and deliver an increment at the end of iteration. Each increment developed during iteration consists of added functionality as compared to previous increment. So, iteration itself is capable of accommodating any design or requirement modification. (Satzinger & Others, 2005) (ISQA 8220 Notes)... ...fied Process also relies on extensive documentation, tight control, re-usability and effective modeling. (Rational, 1998) At PrintAndCopy, current IT department is moderately sized and they rely totally on structured development methods that provide extensive documentation but structured development methods lacks flexibility. Also, structured methodologies are not cost and time effective. So, avoiding a major change in their current development practices yet adding more flexibility in development process UP would be best suited. UP will also allow IT team to re-use the existing developed components contributing to reduction in overall time and cost. (Satzinger & Others, 2005) Also, most of the IT employees are remotely located. This further aids to employee flexibility as this approach does not require frequent team and client meetings like scrum. (ISQA 8220 Notes)

Comparing Daisy Buchanan of The Great Gatsby and Brett of The Sun Also

Daisy Buchanan of The Great Gatsby and Brett Ashley of The Sun Also Rises      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Written right after the publication of Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises is apparently influenced in many ways.   The most obvious of Fitzgerald's influence is manifested in Hemingway's portrayal of his heroine, Brett Ashley. Numerous critics have noted and discussed the similarities between Brett and Daisy Buchanan, and rightly so; but the two women also have fundamental differences. Compared to Daisy, Brett is a more rounded, complex character, and Hemingway has treated her with more sympathy than Fitzgerald has with Daisy. Some similarities between Brett Ashley and Daisy Buchanan include their physical beauty, their extravagant/ flamboyant lifestyle, and their unhappy marriages. However, their most important similarity is the destructive influence they have on their suitors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Daisy attracts Jay Gatsby with her beauty--not only her physical appearance, but also the entire carefree, comfortable, luxurious lifestyle: Gatsby was overwhelmingly aware of the youth and mystery that wealth imprisons and preserves, of the freshness of many clothes and of Daisy, gleaming like silver, safe and proud above the hot struggles of the poor (157). To Gatsby the rich life is temptingly desirable because it was equaled to Daisy herself. Her life far detached from the sweaty hard struggling seems to hold as much enchanted beauty as she holds for Gatsby. He falls in love with that beauty, and Daisy has become his one and only goal and dream in life. With this, Fitzgerald is putting the blame for Gatsby's fall--his indulgence in the wrong dream, and his wrong choice of means to achieve his end--on Daisy. But t... ... S. "Brett and Her Lovers." Brett Ashley. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1991. 105-122. Martin, Wendy. "Brett Ashley as New Woman in The Sun Also Rises." New Essays on The Sun Also Rises. Ed. Linda Wagner-Martin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. 65-82. Works Consulted: Hemingway, Ernest. "The Unpublished Opening of The Sun Also Rises." (5-8). Fitzgerald, F. Scott. "Letter to Ernest Hemingway (June 1926)." (8). Whitlow, Roger. "Bitches and Other Simplistic Assumptions." (148-156). Cohen, Milton A. "Circe and Her Swine." (157-165). Bloom, Harold. Brett Ashley. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1991. McCay, Mary A. "Fitzgerald's Women: Beyond Winter Dreams." (311-324). Fleischmann, Fritz, ed. American Novelists Revisited: Essays in Feminist Criticism. Boston: G. K. Hall & Co., 1982.      

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Huntington’s disease is an autosomal dominant (Harper et al, 1991) neurodegenerative disorder characterized by involuntary movements, cognitive loss, and psychiatric problems as described by Martin and Gusella (1986). These symptoms are related to the death of medium spiny projection neurons in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and the cortex (Reiner et al, 1988). In later stages of the disease, even areas such as the hippocampus and hypothalamus gets affected as well (Kassubek et al, 2004). Huntington’s disease has a prevalence rate of approximately 1 in 10,000 Caucasian populations (Harper et al, 1991).Patients with Huntington’s disease most typically display a choreic movement disorder involving involuntary writhing movements observed by George Huntington himself. The age of onset of Huntington’s disease seem to be normally distributed around the average age of 35 to 42, with small number of cases developing in patients younger than 20 years of age or older than 60 years of age (Andrew et al, 1993). The majority of juvenile patients, whose disease onset are at age 20 years or less, have inherited the paternally defected gene (Andrew et al, 1993).Patients usually died within 15 to 20 years of disease onset. Gusella et al (1983) first determined the location of the genetic mutation in Huntington’s disease to be the short arm of chromosome 4. It was after another 10 years did the researchers of The Huntington’s Disease Collaborative Research Group (1993) able to discover that a gene in chromosome 4 containing a trinucleotide repeat of CAG was abnormally expanded in diseased individuals. The IT15 (interesting transcript 15) gene, dubbed the huntingtin gene by the group, codes for the huntingtin gene.This CAG repeat, which translates into a poly-glutamine stretch, is highly polymorphic among the population ranging from 11 to 34 copies on normal individuals. However, in individuals with Huntington’s disease it expanded to more than 42 repeats and increasing to upwards of 100 (The Huntington’s Disease Collaborative Research Group, 1993). This provides evidence showing that the mutant huntingtin protein seems to be toxic to its native cells and confers a disease state to individuals with an extended length of repeats. There is also a correlation between the CAG length and disease onset as shown by Andrew et al (1993).The mutated elongated huntingtin protein is cut by enzymes into fragments and the fragments begin to form abnormal clusters, neuronal intranuclear inclusions (NIIs), inside cells. These clusters can also act to recruit normal proteins to adhere together as well (Davies et al, 1997). This was originally thought to cause the pathogenesis of Huntington’s disease. However, more recent studies have shown that the presence of NIIs is actually a coping response to the toxicity of mutant huntingtin proteins and acts to prolong the life of the cells and reduce intracellular mutant huntingtin in neighbouring neurons (Arrasate et al, 2004).The exact function of the wild-type huntingtin protein are unclear, however many efforts have been made in understanding its native functions. Nasir et al (1995) showed that homozygous huntingtin homologs in mice died before embryogenesis could occur and that heterozygotes displayed similar deficits as diseased human patients. Wild-type huntingtin is also crucial for establishing and maintaining neuronal identity, especially in cortex and striatum (Reiner et al, 2001).Current data can provide the conclusion that normal huntingtin protein has actions important for development in mammals. In vitro, wild-type huntingtin have been shown to act to protect brain cells from apoptotic stimuli, such as serum deprivation, mitochondrial toxins, or the transfection of death genes (Cattaneo et al, 2005). Wild-type huntingtin protein, not mutated, stimulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) production by acting at level of Bdnf tra nscription. BDNF is very important for survival of striatal neurons (Cattaneo et al, 2005).Intracellularly, huntingtin protein has been found to associate with various organelles such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex (Cattaneo et al, 2005). It has also been found in neurites and at synapses, where it associates with vesicular structures and microtubules (Li et al, 2003). This characteristic has been shown to enhance vesicular transport of BDNF along microtubules (Gauthier et al, 2004). On a similar note, huntingtin interacts with a number of cytoskeletal and synaptic vesicle proteins that are essential for exo- and endocytosis at synaptic terminals.Wild-type huntingtin binds directly to the Src homology 3 domain of postsynaptic density protein 95, which binds NMDA and kainite receptors. This activity is decreased in mutant proteins and can lead to overactivation or sensitization of NMDA receptors (Cattaneo et al, 2005). Aside from the toxicity of the mutated huntingtin protein, the loss of normal huntingtin protein also seems to add to the pathogenesis of Huntington’s disease. Presence of only mutant huntingtin protein results in massive apoptotic cell death in the testes of male mice (Leavitt, 2001).However, no apoptosis can be seen in testes of mice expressing human mutant huntingtin when wild-type huntingtin is expressed as well (Leavitt, 2001). It was also seen that in mice, the absence of wild-type huntingtin protein led to a worsening of striatal atrophy and neuronal loss, and a significant decrease in neuronal cross-sectional area compared to mice that had wild-type huntingtin present (Cattaneo et al, 2005). Huntington’s disease still remains incurable to this day. However, many treatments are available for treatments of its symptoms.Chorea, the hallmark of the disease is a major target for many treatments. Such drugs include dopamine-depleting agents, dopamine antagonists, benzodiazepines, glutamate antagonists, ac etylcholinesterase inhibitors, dopamine agonists, antiseizure medications, cannabinoids, lithium, deep brain stimulation and fetal cell transplantation (Frank and Jankovic, 2010). One notable drug currently in use is Tetrabenazine, which is the only US FDA-approved drug for treatment of Huntington’s disease (Frank and Jankovic, 2010).The drug acts by reversibly inhibiting the central vesicular monoamine transporter type 2, this cause a depletion of dopamine (Bagchi, 1983). The main area of effect for tetrabenazine is in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and the nucleus accumbens, all areas known to be responsible for the major pathology of the disease. The Huntington Study Group (2006) was able to demonstrate the efficacy of tetrabenazine in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Subjects who received tetrabenazine showed a change from the baseline in the maximal chorea score of the UHDRS.Compared to the baseline, treatment resulted in a reduction of 5. 0 units in chorea compa red with a 1. 5 unit reduction for the placebo group. A second symptom targeted for treatment to allow patients to function normally is the psychiatric problems. Dopamine receptor blocking agents are commonly used as anti-psychotics in order to treat psychosis associated with Huntington’s disease (Frank and Jankovic, 2010). There are many ethical issues that have been associated with Huntington’s disease patients, in particular pertaining to the application of genetic testing.The expanded CAG repeats associated with Huntington’s disease (Gusella et al, 1983) are used as a predictive testing to determine the risk of a person for developing inherited HD gene. The debate of ethics with respect to genetic testing for Huntington’s disease seems to lie on several major factors including: autonomy, beneficence, confidentiality, and justice (Huggins et al, 1990). The question remains whether or not the current use of genetic predictive testing is ethical. Autonom y refers to the respect for the individual’s right to make an informed decision about an action that may have a profound effect on his or her life.The patients should feel no pressure from physicians or institutions with regards to their decision for genetic testing. Also, they should also have a full understanding of the consequences and implications of their decisions. This would require physicians to provide all the necessary information to the patients so that they are informed about the testing. If a woman refuses to get tests done for her baby even though her relatives are with her insisting on getting it performed, the physician cannot allow the testing to be performed.Beneficience is summarized by the phrase â€Å"first do no harm† (Huggins et al, 1990). This is an important factor when the results of the test may reveal genetic information about oneself. This implies not only avoiding harm to patient but also preventing harm to other individuals, which may inc lude family members of patients. Due to the genetic characteristics of Huntington’s disease, family members can be both directly and indirection influenced by the results of the test.If for example a pregnant woman decides to get an ultra sound for her baby in order to find out if the baby has spina bifida, and upon confirmation by the physician decides that she wants to give birth at home as opposed to in a hospital where the baby could be treated correctly in order to minimize the risk of the disease. The physician should take any action he can in order to avoid any risk to the health of the baby. Confidentiality with genetic tests applies the same as with any other form of personal information. It should not be disclosed to any other third parties, which includes family members as well.For example, if two siblings were to go and receive a CAG repeat test at the same time and one sibling asks the physician about the results of the other sibling. The physician cannot disclos e any information or they will violate the confidentiality of the patient. Justice simply means equal access to health services and information to all. This also includes long-term support and guidelines for testing as a medical service so that the service is not difficult to obtain if needed. For example, even though Cystic Fibrosis is mostly only prominent in Caucasians, the testing should still be offered to regnant women of other ethnicities as well. Other ethical dilemmas still exist with current genetic testing technologies. One particularly pertaining to Huntington’s disease is whether or not the information is obtained even though there is no cure for the disease. In diseases such as phenylketonuria (PKU), after newborn screening, dietary interventions will allow the individuals with the condition to lead healthy and normal lives (Lea et al, 2005). However, for Huntington’s disease, even after knowing that the disease will affect the individual what can be done ?Therefore, would it be better to not know at all? By testing and finding out that an individual has the mutation that will eventually lead to the development of Huntington’s disease, the individual can attend to the initial development of symptoms and as a result may be treated much earlier. This can result in a more favourable prognosis. Similarly, the individual can live more cautiously as to prevent further exacerbation of their condition. On a more subjective level, the individual may use the knowledge to live a more fulfilling life knowing that he or she may not live as long as the rest of the population.Conversely, the information can also be used negatively. There can be a lot of discrimination in terms of applying for employment and health insurance. This information would also impact the ambition and life goals of the individual, the amount of psychological harm that comes with eventually developing an incurable and lethal neurodegenerative disease is extremely larg e. Similarly, would they still pursue to have a family and children if they knew that they had a very high risk of dying at a young age? This particular issue should be resolved by following the ethical factors listed before.As long as the individual is informed, are being prevented from harm, information not shared with any third party members, and has access to healthcare services, then being tested for Huntington’s disease will be ethically correct. This knowledge will give them insight on how to live the rest of their life. Another dilemma that has Harper, P. S. , Morris, M. J. , Quarrell, O. , Shaw, D. J. , Tyler, A. , and Youngman, S. (1991). The epidemiology of Huntington’s disease. J. Med. Genet. 89: 365-376. Martin, J. B. , and Gusella, J. K. (1986).Huntington’s disease: pathogenesis and management. N. Engl. J. Med. 315: 1267-1276. Andrew, S. E. , Goldberg, Y. P. , Kremer, B. , Telenius, H. , Theilmann, J. , Adamn, S. , Starr, E. , Squitieri, F. , Lin, B. , Kalchman, M. A. , Graham, R. K. , and Hayden, M. R. (1993). The relationship between trinucleotide (CAG) repeat length and clinical features of Huntington’s disease. Nat Genet. 4: 398-403. The Huntington’s Disease Collaborative Research Group (1993). A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington’s disease chromosomes.Cell. 72: 971-983. Gusella, J. F. , Wexler, N. S. , Coneally, P. M. , Naylor, S. L. , Anderson, M. A. , Tanzi, R. E. , Watkins, P. C. , Ottina, K. , Wallace, M. R. , Sakaguchi, Y. A. , et al. (1983). A polymorphic DNA marker genetically linked to Huntington’s disease. Nature. 306: 234-238. Reiner, A. , Albin, R. L. , Anderson, K. D. , D’Amato, C. J. , Penney, J. B. , and Young, A. B. (1988). Differential loss of striatal projection neurons in Huntington disease. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 85: 5733–5737. Kassubek, J. , Gaus, W. , and Landwehrmeyer, G. B. (2004).Evidence for more w idespread cerebral pathology in early HD: and MRI-based morphometric analysis. Neurology. 62: 523-524. Nasir, J. , Floresco, S. B. , O’Kusky, J. R. , Diewert, V. M. , Richman, J. M. , Zeisler, J. , Borowski, A. , Marth, J. D. , Philips, A. G. , and Hayden, M. R. (1995). Targeted disruption of the Huntington’s disease gene results in embryonic lethality and behavioral and morphological changes in heterozygotes. Cell. 81: 811-823. Cattaneo, E. , Zuccato, C. , and Tartari, M. (2005). Normal huntingtin function: alternative approach to Huntington’s disease.Nat Rev Neurosci. 6: 919-930. Li, J. Y. , Plomann, M. & Brundin, P. (2003). Huntington’s disease: a synaptopathy? Trends Mol. Med. 9: 414–420. Reiner, A. , Del Mar, N. , Meade, C. A. , Yang, H. , Dragatsis, I. , Zeitlin, S. , and Goldowitz, D. (2001). Neurons lacking huntingtin differentially colonize brain and survive in chimeric mice. J. Neurosci. 21: 7608-7619. Gauthier, L. R. , Charrin, B. C. , B orrell-Pages, M. , Dompierre, J. P. , Rangone, H. , Cordelieres, F. P. , De Mey, J. , MacDonald, M. E. , Lessmann, V. , Humbert, S. , and Saudou, F. 2004). Huntingtin controls neurotrophic support and survival of neurons by enhancing BDNF vesicular transport along microtubules. Cell. 118: 127-138. Leavitt, B. R. , Guttman, J. A. , Hodgson, J. G. , Kimel, G. H. , Singaraja, R. , Vogl, A. W. , and Hayden, M. R. (2001). Wild-type hungtingtin reduces the cellular toxicity of mutant huntingtin in vivo. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 68: 313-324. Davies, S. W. , Turmaine, M. , Cozens, B. A. , DiFiglia, M. , Sharp, A. H. , Ross, C. A. , Scherzinger, E. , Wanker, E. E. , Mangiarini, L. , and Bates, G. P. (1997).Formation of neuronal intranuclear inclusions underlies the neurological dysfunction in mice transgenic for the HD mutation. Cell. 90: 537-548. Arrasate, M. , Mitra, S. , Schweitzer, E. S. , Segal, M. R. , and Finkbeiner, S. (2004). Inclusion body formation reduces levels of mutant huntingtin an d the risk of neuronal death. Nature. 431: 805-810. Frank, S. , and Jankovic, J. (2010). Advances in the pharmacological management of Huntington’s disease. Drugs. 70: 561-571. Bagchi, S. P. (1983). Differential interactions of phencyclidine with tetrabenazine and reserpine affecting intraneuronal dopamine.Biochem Pharmacol. 32: 2851-6 Huntington Study Group. (2006). Tetrabenazine as antichorea therapy in Huntington disease: a randomized controlled trial. 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